How do I cite something that is missing an author, date, title?

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How do I cite something that is missing an author, date, title?

Answer

The four pieces of information needed to create an APA Reference are:

Author. (Date). Title. Access.

Some resources may be missing one or more pieces of information.

The table below provides helpful guidance when creating a reference when information for one of the four elements (Author, Date, Title, Source) is missing. This table is adapted from Table 9.1 How to Create a Reference When Information is Missing (APA, 2020, p. 284).

Notice that each element ends with a period EXCEPT when the source elements ends with a URL. The inclusion of a period would interfere with the link's functionality.

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Last Updated Jun 30, 2020
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Answered By Suzanne Schriefer, Librarian

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